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- SCIENCE, Page 62Big Bang Under Fire
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- New data about the cosmos have exposed some holes in the theory,
- but reports of its demise are exaggerated
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- By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK
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- The term Big Bang has become part of the standard
- scientific vocabulary, but it was first coined in the 1940s as
- a putdown. The idea that the universe actually had a beginning
- seemed just plain wacky -- especially since there was almost no
- evidence at the time to support it. Yet by the end of the 1960s,
- virtually all astrophysicists were convinced that the cosmos was
- born in a single massive explosion, and doubters were left out
- on the fringe.
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- In recent months, however, that fringe has been growing.
- A spate of articles in both the popular and scientific press
- point to disturbing discrepancies between recent astronomical
- findings and the Big Bang theory. A book by a renegade physicist
- even proclaims confidently that The Big Bang Never Happened.
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- What's in trouble is not so much the Big Bang itself but
- modern astronomy's account of what occurred afterward. How did
- the dense, superheated cloud of particles and radiation created
- by the explosion evolve into the complex modern universe of
- stars and galaxies?
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- According to the conventional explanation, the cosmos
- began to expand and cool immediately after the moment of the Big
- Bang. For 300,000 years or so, the expansion continued, but
- enormous numbers of tightly packed, free-ranging electrons
- created a dense fog that kept light from shining: the universe
- was hellishly hot, but utterly dark. Finally, the electrons were
- incorporated into atoms, and the light broke free in a gigantic
- flash. Astronomers can still see that ancient light, known as
- the cosmic background radiation, although it has cooled to about
- -270 degrees C (-454 degrees F) and is visible only to sensitive
- radio telescopes.
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- But new research suggests there is something wrong with
- this picture. Regions of the universe that had slightly higher
- density when the light broke free -- the areas that later
- accreted under gravity to form the galaxies and clusters --
- should be detectable as slightly warmer regions of the
- background radiation. Yet the radiation has been analyzed in
- detail -- most recently by the Cosmic Background Explorer
- satellite -- and its temperature is utterly uniform. Meanwhile,
- powerful telescopes have revealed unexpected agglomerations of
- galaxies tens of millions of light-years across. How could such
- giant structures have arisen from the smooth-textured aftermath
- of the Big Bang?
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- One popular explanation postulates a major role for a
- mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter. Astronomers
- have learned about dark matter through indirect evidence:
- galaxies spin and orbit one another faster than the laws of
- physics allow, unless one presumes the presence of invisible
- matter that provides the extra gravity to hold things together.
- The extra gravity of dark matter could also have helped the
- galaxies grow faster out of the smoothness of the early
- universe. Even this explanation, however, does not sufficiently
- account for recent observations. "It is clear that there is
- something profoundly wrong with our theories," says Harvard
- astrophysicist Margaret Geller.
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- A few scientists believe it is the Big Bang theory itself
- that is wrong. Instead of a universe that exploded into being
- 20 billion years ago and grew by way of gravity's tug, they
- postulate a cosmos trillions of years old and shaped not by
- gravity but by electricity and magnetism. Their evidence comes
- mainly from lab experiments showing that electromagnetic forces
- can pull hot gases into distinct structures. Most
- astrophysicists dismiss this idea, but alternative schemes
- offered by mainstream thinkers are almost as wild. Many groups
- are exploring the idea that the Big Bang created strange energy
- formations, largely undetectable in the cosmic background
- radiation, variously dubbed cosmic strings, global textures or
- cosmological constants.
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- Yet the Big Bang theory remains essentially intact because
- it is based on three fundamental pieces of evidence, none of
- which can be accounted for by any competing model. The first is
- the cosmic background radiation: its evenness and the mix of
- electromagnetic wavelengths it contains can only have come
- about, as far as anybody knows, if the universe was once dense,
- hot and small. The second is the fact that the universe is
- expanding. Calculating backward, one easily concludes that all
- the galaxies must have come from a single point. Finally there
- is the fact that hydrogen makes up 75% of the matter in the
- universe and helium nearly 25%. These elements can only be
- forged in a furnace as hot as the Big Bang, and the proportions
- correspond exactly to what the Big Bang model posits.
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- None of this means the Big Bang is the ultimate truth.
- Someone could come along tomorrow with a better explanation for
- the known facts, and that would delight astronomers. Says
- Princeton astrophysicist Bohdan Paczynski, a Big Bang supporter:
- "I'd love to disprove the Big Bang myself. It would make me
- instantly famous. But the evidence is just not there."
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